Jaundice in Babies and Children

Jaundice  is a yellowish pigmentation of the skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae (whites of the eyes), and other mucous membranes caused by high blood bilirubin levels. This hyperbilirubinemia subsequently causes increased levels of bilirubin in the extracellular fluid.


Jaundice is the medical term for yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (whites of the eye) and deeper tissues like the mucus membrane of the mouth usually as a result of high levels of bilirubin in the blood.

6 Year Old Development

Age 6-7

In this section “6 Year Old Development” we have collected the whole material, published on our site, which will help you and your child to study and get ready for the next advanced level of knowledge.

In this section we will help you to learn and define the level of your child’s development, i.e. what your child must know and be able to do at the age from 6 to 7 years.

The material for your lessons you can download free of charge and use at home, kindergarten and at school.

Mathematics

1. The child must know how to solve the simplest puzzles

2. The child must know how to distract and add numbers

3. The child must be able to understand and answer the questions correctly: how many? Which? What number?

4. The child must know  the composition of numbers from 0 to 10

5. The child must be able to differentiate and name the objects of circular, square, triangular and rectangular shapes

6. The child must know such geometric figures as square, rectangle, circle, triangle, trapeze and rhombus 

Logical thinking

1. The child must be able to perform tasks in which regularity must be revealed and continue the row of the given items

2. The child must be able to find the redundant object  out of the 5 given positions

3. The child must be able to make a story using the offered pictures and finish it

4. The child must know how to divide the offered objects into 2 groups and find the common feature for every group

Language skills

1. The child must tell his name, surname, age, the city he lives in, his parents’ name, their age and occupation

2. The child must know the home address and telephone number

3. The child’s speech must be maximum similar to the adult’s one (by quality)

4. The child must be able to hold a conversation and monologue

5. The child must know a lot of poems learnt by heart, complicated and large volume plays. He must recite them with the expression

Skills of everyday usage

1. The child must know the names of surrounding objects: furniture, dishes, clothes, household and electric appliances, plants, animals, natural phenomena, names of the favorite cartoons, fairy-tales, books and names of the favorite heroes

2. The child must know how to make a call

3. The child must know how to behave at the table

4. The child must clean his teeth himself and rinse his mouth after the meal

5. The child must be able to fasten the buttons and tie shoelaces 

6. The child must know how to be tidy, how to keep his hair, nails and clothes in an appropriate way

7. The child must know the purpose of the traffic lights, all its colors  and how and where it is allowed to cross the road

5 Year Old Development

Age 5-6

In this section “5 Year Old Development” we have collected the whole material, published on our site, which will help you and your child to study and get ready for the next advanced level of knowledge.

In this section we will help you to learn and define the level of your child’s development, i.e. what your child must know and be able to do at the age from 5 to 6 years.

The material for your lessons you can download free of charge and use at home, kindergarten and at school.

Mathematics

1. The child must know how to solve the simplest puzzles

2. The child must know how to distract and add numbers

3. The child must know how to define the direction: forward, back, to the right, to the left, up, down

4. The child must be able to understand and answer the questions correctly: how many? Which? What number?

5. The child must know  the composition of numbers from 0 to 10

6. The child must be able to differentiate and name the objects of circular, square, triangular and rectangular shapes

7. The child must know such geometric figures as square, rectangle, circle, triangle, trapeze and rhombus 

Logical thinking

1. The child must be able to perform tasks in which regularity must be revealed and continue the row of the given items

2. The child must be able to find the redundant object  out of the 4-5 given positions

3. The child must be able to make a story using the offered pictures and finish it

4. The child must know how to divide the offered objects into 2 groups and find the common feature for every group

Language skills

1. The child must tell his name, surname, age, the city he lives in, his parents’ name, their age and occupation

2. The child must know the home address and telephone number

3. The child’s speech must be maximum similar to the adult’s one (by quality)

4. The child must be able to hold a conversation and monologue

5. The child must know a lot of poems learnt by heart, complicated and large volume plays. He must recite them with the expression

Skills of everyday usage

1. The child must know the names of surrounding objects: furniture, dishes, clothes, household and electric appliances, plants, animals, natural phenomena, names of the favorite cartoons, fairy-tales, books and names of the favorite heroes

2. The child must know how to make a call

3. The child must know how to behave at the table

4. The child must clean his teeth himself and rinse his mouth after the meal

5. The child must be able to fasten the buttons and tie shoelaces 

6. The child must know how to be tidy, how to keep his hair, nails and clothes in an appropriate way

7. The child must know the purpose of the traffic lights, all its colors  and how and where it is allowed to cross the road

4 Year Old Development

Age 4-5

In this section “4 Year Old Development” we have collected the whole material, published on our site, which will help you and your child to study and get ready for the next advanced level of knowledge.

In this section we will help you to learn and define the level of your child’s development, i.e. what your child must know and be able to do at the age from 4 to 5 years.

The material for your lessons you can download free of charge and use at home, kindergarten and at school.


Math

1. The child must know how to define the location of subjects: on the right, on the left, in the middle, up/down, behind, in front of

2. The child must know the basic geometric figures (circle, ellipse, square, triangle and rectangle)

3. The child must know all the figures (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)

4. The child must know how to put the figures from 1 to 5 in correct and reverse sequence

5. The child must be able to compare the numbers of subjects , understand their meanings: bigger-smaller, equally

Logical thinking

1. The child must be able to find the differences and resemblance between 2 pictures (or between 2 toys)

2. The child must be able to fold a picture, cut into 2-4 pieces 

3. The child must be able to put the missing parts in the empty spaces of the picture

4. The child must be able to give the general name to the group of objects (a cow, a horse, a goat - domestic animals; winter, summer, spring- seasons of the year). He must be able to find the redundant item in every group and the pair to each one. 

5. The child must be able to match the opposite words: full-empty glass, high-low tree, go fast-go slowly, cold-hot tea and so on.

6. The child must be able to see the wrong image of the objects and explain what is incorrect and why.

Language skills

1. The child must realize the difference between the human’s and animal’s structure and be able to name the parts of the body (hands-paws, nails-claws, hair-fur)

2. The child must be able to find the object by its description (an apple-circle, sweet, yellow) and know how to describe the object without somebody’s help.

3. The child must know what professions can be and what people of these professions are busy with

4. The child must be able to hold a conversation: know how to answer and ask correct questions

5. The child must be able to retell the gist of the heard fairy-tale, story and be ready to recite some poems

6. The child must tell his name, surname, age and city he lives in

7. The child must be able to answer questions, concerning recent events: Where have you been today? Who did you see on the way? What did mother buy in the shop? What did you wear?

Skills of everyday usage

1. The child must know how to differentiate vegetables, fruit and berries and know their kinds

2. The child must know the names of insects and be able to tell about their motions (a butterfly flies, a snail crawls, a grasshopper jumps)

3. The child must know all domestic animals and their cubs

4. The child must be able to guess seasons in pictures and know their signs

5. The child can perfectly fasten the buttons, zippers and untie shoelaces. He uses spoons and forks properly

6. The child must be able to thread big buttons and beads

7. The child must be able to draw lines correctly without taking the pencil from the paper

8. The child must be able to shade figures with straight lines, without leaving the contour of the picture

9. The child must be able to trace and paint the pictures, without leaving the contour of the picture

10. The child must be able to draw a line in the middle of the road, without leaving its edge

11. The child must be able to differentiate the right and the left hands

3 Year Old Development

Age 3-4

In this section “3 Year Old Development” we have collected the whole material, published on our site, which will help you and your child to study and get ready for the next advanced level of knowledge. 

In this section we will help you to learn and define the level of your child’s development, i.e. what your child must know and be able to do at the age from 3 to 4 years.

The material for your lessons you can download free of charge and use at home, kindergarten and at school. 

Math

1. The child must know how to count to 3 and show corresponding number of fingers

2. The child must be aware of such notions as: one-many, big-small, high-low and so on.

3. The child must know basic colors (red, yellow, green, blue, white and black

4. The child must know main geometric figures (circle, square, triangle)

5. The child must know how to compare objects by size, color, shape and their number

6. The child must know how to find a pair to the object with definite feature.

Logical thinking

1. The child must know how to fold a picture, cut into 2-4 pieces.

2. The child must know how to find and explain discrepancy in the pictures.

3. The child must know how to find redundant object and explain his choice.

4. The child must know how to find resemblance and difference between objects.

5. The child must be able to remember 2-3 pictures.

6. The child must be able to remember 3-4 words, which the adult has repeated several times7.

The child must be able to remember and repeat motions, shown by the adult 1-2 times

8. The child must be able to remember a detail or feature of the object

Language skills

1. The child forms simple sentences easily and goes to more complicated ones gradually

2. The child must know how to divide objects into groups: furniture, dishes, clothes

3. The child must know the names of people and animals’ main actions (to lie, to sit, to run)

4. The child must be able to repeat rhymes and songs after the grown-up

5. The child must know his name and surname

6. The child must know how to control the power of the voice and speak loudly and quietly

Skills of everyday usage

1. The child must know the names of animals and be able to show domestic (a cow, a goat, a horse, a cat, a dog) and wild (a wolf, a hare, a fox) ones

2. The child must know the names of 3-4 birds, 3-4 fish and 3-4 insects

3. The child must know the names of basic plants: 3-4 trees and 3-4 flowers

4. The child must know what vegetables, fruit and berries are

5. The child must have an idea about the substance, surrounding objects are made of

6. The child must know the parts of the day- morning, afternoon, evening and night

7. The child must be able to name natural phenomena ( rain, snow, wind)

8. The child must be able to dress himself (without fasteners)

9. The child must be able to cut a paper with scissors

10. The child must know how to use pencils, pens and markers and be able to draw circles, dots and lines

11. The child must know how to trace and paint the pictures

12. The child must know basic rules of hygiene

2 Year Old Development

Age 2-3

In this section “2 Year Old Development” we have collected the whole material, published on our site, which will help you and your child to study and get ready for the next advanced level of knowledge. 

In this section we will help you to learn and define the level of your child’s development, i.e. what your child must know and be able to do at the age from 2 to 3 years. 

The material for your lessons you can download free of charge and use at home, kindergarten and at school. 

Logical thinking

The development of thinking, memory and attention

1. The toddler must know how to follow simple instructions and requests, consisting of 2-3 actions

2. The toddler must know how to draw, construct, compose simple puzzles and blocks with pictures

Language skills

1. The toddler clearly understands the adults’ words (ordinary words and phrases)

2. The toddler can learn simple rhymes

Skills of everyday usage

1. The toddler must know how to go up and down the stairs

2. The toddler must know how to dress and undress himself

3. The toddler must know how to use baby’s toilet himself

4. The toddler must know how to balance on the slat

5. The toddler must know how to draw a vertical line

6. The toddler must know how to wash and dry his hands

1 Year Old Development

Age 1-2

In this section “1 Year Old Development” we have collected the whole material, published on our site, which will help you and your baby to study and get ready for the next advanced level of knowledge. 

In this section we will help you to learn and define the level of your baby’s development, i.e. what your baby must know and be able to do at the age from 1 to 2 years. 

The material for your lessons you can download free of charge and use at home, kindergarten and at school. 

Logical thinking
The development of thinking, memory and attention

1. Construct the tower or house using 4-6 blocks

2. Take apart or break the object, to examine it (researching position)

Language skills

1. The baby must know how to pronounce simple words

2. The baby must know how to name all the family members

Skills of everyday usage

1. The baby must know the parts of body and face

2. The baby must know how to ask for a baby’s toilet

3. The baby must stand on his feet without somebody’s help and walk by himself

4. The baby must know how to drink from a cup and try to eat by himself

5. The baby must understand parents’ requirements

6. The baby must know how to kick the ball

7. The baby tries to resemble other children and adults

8. The baby gives the toy in response to the request

9. The baby can open the drawers

Measles in Children

What is measles?

Measles  in Children is a very contagious disease caused by a virus that spreads easily through the air. Direct contact is not necessary for the disease to spread. The virus can survive in the air for a several hours. Being in the same place as an infected person who is contagious for a short period of time can be enough to catch the infection and then develop the illness.

Ear Infections in Children

Next to the common cold, ear infections are the most commonly diagnosed childhood illness. Three out of four children will have at least one ear infection by their third birthday. In fact, ear infections are the most common reason parents bring their child to a doctor.

What is an ear infection?

An ear infection is an inflammation of the middle ear, usually caused by bacteria, that occurs when fluid builds up behind the eardrum. Anyone can get an ear infection, but children get them more often than adults.  The scientific name for an ear infection is otitis media (OM).

Sinusitis in Children

What are the sinuses and where are they:
The sinuses are cavities, or air-filled pockets, near the nasal passage. Like the nasal passage, the sinuses are lined with mucous membranes. There are four different types of sinuses: ethmoid, frontal, maxillary and sphenoid sinuses.

Ethmoid: (between the eyes) located inside the face, around the area of the bridge of the nose. This sinus is present at birth, and continues to grow.

Frontal: (in the forehead) located inside the face, in the area of the forehead. This sinus does not develop until around 7 years of age.

Maxillary: (behind the cheekbones) located inside the face, around the area of the cheeks. The maxillary sinuses are present at birth and expand rapidly by four years of age.

Sphenoid: (behind the nose) located deep in the face, behind the nose. The sphenoid sinuses, which begin to develop during the first two years of life, are typically pneumatized by five years of age, and attain their permanent size by 12 years.

Chickenpox in Children

If you have questions such us: What are the symptoms of chickenpox? What are the possible complications? What is the treatment for chickenpox? Is chickenpox infectious? Is there a vaccine against chickenpox? Should I let my child catch chickenpox? please read this article.

Chickenpox (or chicken pox) - is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). It usually starts with vesicular skin rash mainly on the body and head rather than at the periphery and becomes itchy, raw pockmarks, which mostly heal without scarring. On examination, the observer typically finds lesions at various stages of healing.

Anemia in Children

About Anemia in Children
Anemia in Children - is a decrease in number of red blood cells (RBCs) or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. However, it can include decreased oxygen-binding ability of each hemoglobin molecule due to deformity or lack in numerical development as in some other types of hemoglobin deficiency.

Because hemoglobin (found inside RBCs) normally carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, anemia leads to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) in organs. Since all human cells depend on oxygen for survival, varying degrees of anemia can have a wide range of clinical consequences.

Anemia in Children, one of the more common blood disorders, occurs when the level of healthy red blood cells (RBCs) in the body becomes too low. This can lead to health problems because RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the body's tissues. Anemia can cause a variety of complications, including fatigue and stress on bodily organs.

Allergy Test

Skin Allergy Test

Allergy Test
Some allergies are fairly easy to identify because the pattern of symptoms following exposure to certain allergens can be hard to miss. But other allergies are less obvious because they can masquerade as other conditions.

If your child has cold-like symptoms lasting longer than a week or two or develops a "cold" at the same time every year, consult your doctor, who will likely ask questions about the symptoms and when they appear. Based on the answers to these questions and a physical exam, the doctor may be able to make a diagnosis and prescribe medications or may refer you to an allergist for Allergy skin tests and more extensive therapy.

All about Allergy

About Allergies
An allergy is an overreaction of the immune system to a substance that's harmless to most people. But in someone with an allergy, the body's immune system treats the substance (called an allergen) as an invader and reacts inappropriately, resulting in symptoms that can be anywhere from annoying to possibly harmful to the person.

In an attempt to protect the body, the immune system of the allergic person produces antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE). Those antibodies then cause mast cells and basophils (allergy cells in the body) to release chemicals, including histamine, into the bloodstream to defend against the allergen "invader."

Toilet Training

Today we talk about Toilet Training Your Child.

You ask: when should I start toilet training my child?

Do not start toilet training until both you and your child are ready.
Signs that your child is ready include the following:

Children's Foot Problems

Children's Foot Problems can be categorized by pain, deformity or both.

Foot deformities often occur in childhood. Flatfeet are most often a normal variation of the shape of the arch of the foot and in these cases there is no pain and no treatment is required. If the flatfoot deformity results in stiffness, pain and hard thickening the problem is more severe and should be evaluated professionally.

Developing Your Child's Memory

This game develop a visual memory.
How to play

• Print out these pictures. 
• Cut out circles on the size of a picture. 
• Ask your child, to close a certain animal with a circle. For example: to Find and close with a circle only the butterfly or a turtle.

Part 1

How to bathe a newborn baby girl and baby boy

I know all parents of newborn babies often are worried about how and when to give baby a bath.Here are some helpful advises:

Step 1 : It's important to keep your baby clean, but a full bath every day isn't necessary. In fact, two or three times a week will be enough until your baby begins to crawl. However, baby's face, neck, hands and bottom should be cleaned daily. To make bathing a more pleasant and successful event, choose a time when your baby is calm. Avoid bathing a baby who's just been fed.

Children and their Fine Motor Skills Development

from wiki

Fine motor skills are the coordination of small muscle movements which occur e.g., in the fingers, usually in coordination with the eyes. In application to motor skills of hands (and fingers) the term dexterity is commonly used.

The abilities which involve the use of hands, develop over time, starting with primitive gestures such as grabbing at objects to more precise activities that involve precise eye–hand coordination. Fine motor skills, are skills that involve a refined use of the small muscles controlling the hand, fingers, and thumb. The development of these skills allows one to be able to complete tasks such as writing, drawing, and buttoning.
When the child enters middle childhood he or she makes great progress in their artistic abilities. They begin to express themselves through drawing, sculpting, and clay modeling.